Manual Flat Knitting Machines

he flat knitting machine is a two-bed machine. The most important mechanical features of a flat knitting machine are:

• the supporting frame

• the yarn feeding system

• two needle-beds made up of flat grooved plates

• a carriage provided with cam-locks for needle control

• a transmission system

• a fabric take-down motion

• a central programming unit

• a needle-bed racking system

The two flat beds can be:

1. Inclined by 90°-100° with respect to one another, with a staggered arrangement of the
   grooves accommodating latch needles or compound needles.
   The two flat beds are the “front needle-bed” (indicating the needle-bed closer to the
   operator) and the “rear needle-bed” (indicating the farther).

2. Both are arranged on a horizontal plane (at 180°) with the grooves, which are positioned
   opposite to each other. Double hook needles slide inside the grooves; these needles are
   moved by special sliders, which can transfer the stitches to the front bed – or to the rear
   bed for links-links or purl knitting processes – according to the type of patterns.

The Manual Flat Knitting Machine

The manual flat knitting machine is made up of a frame carrying the base; this structure
supports all the needle beds and motions necessary for the knitting process

The yarn unwound from the spool is picked up by the feeding system: a tensioner, which adjusts
the feeding tension and a thread guide, driven by the machine carriage, which provides the
needle with yarn at the proper time.

The tensioner is made up by a spring-load flexible arm, that lowers when the yarn tension
increases, to feed a bigger quantity of yarn, and lifts up when the tension decreases.

The Needle-bed of a manual flat knitting machine

The needles (4) accommodated inside the grooves (1) of the needle-bed can be either in a
knitting or in a non-knitting position and are moved by special springs (2).

Placed between the grooves in the upper part of the needle-bed, the knock-over jacks (3) act as
supports for the yarn fed during the stitch formation.

A spring securing bar (5) and a needle securing bar (6) are also attached to the needle-bed to
keep needles and springs in a correct sliding position.

The Carriage of a Flat Knitting Machine

The carriage is made up of two metal plates linked by a stiff bridge (P); the plates
work individually and simultaneously on the front and the rear needle-beds.

The carriage carries out a double function and can be used:

1. to select the needles and make them raise or lower to form the stitch;

2. to select and drive the thread guides which feed the needles.

The plates include cam locks (F) bearing the drive and control systems of the needles, i.e. the
cams.

When the carriage moves right- or leftwards, the thread guides (B),(C),(D),(E) are locked
individually by the corresponding pistons (A) on the upper part of the bridge, that are manually
driven.

Brushes are also mounted on the carriage to ensure a smooth needle latch opening and grant a
correct feeding of the yarn.

The Cam-locks of a Manual Flat Knitting Machine

The cam-locks are a cam system which gives the necessary working information to
the individual needles; they include a fixed part, working as support, and movable cams, which
can be divided into raising cams and lowering or knock-over cams (2).

The raising cam includes:

• A tucking cam

• A looping cam

The fixed or movable cams form a symmetrical channel where the needle butt slides; the needle
moves downward and upward in the groove to form the stitch.

The different parts of the cams are chamfered; their profiles are curvilinear to make the needle
move smoothly.

The angle of inclination of the cams ranges between 40° and 50°; these values grant an optimum
running of the needle and avoid high pressures between metal parts during the motion and
excessive tensions on the yarn during the downward stroke of the needle.

The carriage allows three different work ways according to the needle stroke and to the positions
of the raising cam:

• KNIT STITCH: when the needle carries out a complete stroke, reaching the
  maximum height on the looping plane

• TUCK STITCH: when the needle reaches the tucking plane and receives a
  new yarn while still holding its former loop, thus forming
  two loops in the one needle hook

• MISS (or FLOAT) STITCH: when the needle is not knitting and remains out of the knockback over a needle.

High-butt Needles and Low-butt Needles

The latch needle can have two different butt heights which make it a high-butt needle or a lowbutt needle.

The assembly of high-butt needles and low-butt needles on the knitting machine allows different
selection and different manufacturing work ways, according to the positions of the tucking and
looping cams.